Mid Range Receiver Reviews

Margarete (Grete) Schütte-Lihotzsky

Frankfurt Kitchen "Kitchen prototype

Margarete (Gretchen) Schütte-Lihotzsky (Vienna, January 23, 1897 - Vienna, 18 January 2000) was an Austrian architect. He graduated in 1918 at the Professional School of Art in Vienna in one of two sections of architecture. Dedicated his life to improving the living conditions of the disadvantaged classes and categories of weak, especially women and children. But his research extends the study of the home environment, especially the kitchen that is committed to reorganize according to dimensions and furnishings more rational. From these studies, our kitchen Frankfurt (1926-27), the first "modern kitchen", a project which has greatly influenced all subsequent production of this environment. In the same years, the commitment to the advancement of women is the basis of interesting projects of the 'home for women who work and live alone, while studies on space for children to bring Margarete Lihotzky design schools, kindergartens and parks game according to criteria that will be long-replicated.

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Maria Telkes


solar distillation system to make sea water drinkable, Carlisle House, solar oven

Telkes Maria (1900 - 1996), biophysics and associated with the MIT (Massachusett Institute of Technology) in 1920 during World War II invented a distiller of plastic that can produce, with the sun, a few liters of fresh water from the sea for survivors. The principle of solar distillation is relatively simple: the sea water or saline is placed into a kind of black box, covered with a transparent glass or plastic surface exposed to the Sun Solar energy enters through the transparent roof, heats 'salt water, some water evaporates and condenses on the inner surface of the transparent sheet covering the distiller. In 1948 he directed the construction of the first experimental solar-heated house (the House Carlisle) which was followed by thermoelectric generators for space and terrestrial uses. Maria's inventions in the solar Telkes were also applied to agriculture. Telkes then devoted himself to the realization of a solar oven, a structure to be used outdoors, consisting of a central body which was part of the food, and a series of reflective aluminum panels, arranged in order to capture the warmth of the Sun , a faster way for farmers to dry their crops.
In 1954 at Bell Labs saw the light of the first commercial solar cell: a junction was built on a planar crystal silicio.Il prohibitive cost of technology is still primitive and limit their use to space applications such as power supply artificial satellites. Subsequently, improved resistance cells to environmental conditions, we began to study solar cells for terrestrial applications. Telkes gained about 20 patents during his career, he continued his affiliation with the University of Delaware and served as a consultant to a variety of companies and organizations around the world until his death at the age of 94. He died in his native Budapest, December 2, 1995.

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Hedy Lamarr, d'art name Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler di


invented a secret communication system of radio control of torpedoes which is the basis of "spread spectrum"

Hedy Lamarr was first made famous by the movie naked, in the Austrian film Ecstasy, which she played in 1932 at age 19. But it is for this reason that from August l 'actress, who later became a Hollywood superstar, a figure in the Museum of Women and was awarded by the Istituto d' electrical engineering from Washington. The story, not just the female, pays tribute to the first anniversary of the massacres of the Twin Towers in Manhattan because no diva, but because a scientist, inventor or better. In fact, 1942, exactly sixty years 'ago, Hedy Lamarr el' then her partner, the composer George Antheil, patented a system of radio control torpedoes which is the basis of "spread spectrum" technology communication of some mobile phones and military satellites. They did it to help their adopted country against the Nazis. In the thirties and forties, the story of Hedy Lamarr, considered the greatest beauty of her time, keen on the whole world. L 'actress, born and raised in Vienna, she married Fritz Mandl, an Austrian arms manufacturer great friend of Hitler and Mussolini, from which he went with her repeatedly. The persecution of Jews led her to leave her husband el 'Austria, and take refuge first in England then the United States. German arms expert at the outbreak of World War II began Hedy Lamarr available to the Pentagon. One evening, listening to George Antheil to the plan, conceived the 'idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing an American torpedo boat radio control system indecipherable to the enemy. Instead of signals on a 'single frequency, easy to catch and block, as is normal, "said the composer, you would always use different frequencies, which can not be neutralized, such as notes of a song. George Antheil built a rudimentary radio, called "Secret Communication System ', Pentagon and patented it on their behalf in 1942. 'S unit was too bulky, and it was adopted by the Navy. But in 1957 a hi-tech, electronic Sylvania, put it in the new form of transistor: the 'invention' s actress and the composer was used for the first time in naval blockade of Cuba in 1962. The award to the memory of Hedy Lamarr, who died in 2000, almost ninety years, the 'Institute of Electronic Engineering defines the patent "an important contribution to different modern technologies, from radar to' Internet '. L 'actress not charge a penny, but he did not regret: "My goal," he declared, "was to allow American torpedoes to sink the German ships with impunity. Not reached, but the patent has proved valuable both in the same war and in peace. " The incident was never publicized, the news was more concerned with their husbands and love Hedi Lamarr, who included it among the other Charlie Chaplin and the writer Eric Maria Remarque. L 'actress left the movies in the fifties, and gradually was forgotten. It took sixty years' to find out that Hedy Lamarr, aka Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler, was more than just a beautiful, young body that he swam naked in a lake: a brave woman, independent, intelligent, capable of extraordinary insights.

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Bain Marie Katherine Blodgett


Maria the Jewess, however, things are a little 'different, as this wonderful lady, who lived in Alexandria in the Hellenistic period, he discovered many things, some of which still are not been superseded by new discoveries and all this thanks to those who even if they discover something new, at least find something nice: the professional kitchen.
Mary or Miriam is the one who gave his name to the unit "bain marie" or double boiler, without which it would be absolutely impossible to prepare dishes that keep intact the flavor of the main ingredient!
Mary, did not discover the double boiler just to prepare its cream without it they go mad, or to melt the chocolate without altering its composition, or to heat his food without destroying the taste, but to facilitate its work in the laboratory.
the "mother of alchemy" Zosimus speaks from Panapoli of Egypt, an alchemist, who wrote the manual in greek oldest of alchemy. Zosimus lived five hundred years after Mary, so information about his life are covered by the fog of myth ... that has thickened with the passage of time, as later was awarded all'alchimia a metaphysical character, initially, to ' age of Mary the Jewess, had for his life ... then you can only make assumptions. Lived around 300 BC, and if it really does not know Hebrew, Zosimus simply calls it "the sister of Moses." He worked shortly after Euclid and Archimedes is supposed to have met in Alexandria. There no evidence that Mary was concerned metaphysical alchemy, on the contrary, the fact that he founded a school of alchemy to pass on his knowledge, most of the tools that he invented, they make us think he was a scientist, a pioneer in mechanical chemistry. The equipment we use today in the kitchen was called in ancient κηρoτακίς (Kerotakis), as the double boiler kept warm the wax used in the painters in encaustic (a painting technique performed on a table or wall, making use of wax as a component of the binder), which is a sublime example of the famous portraits of Fayum. According to another interpretation of the double boiler κηρoτακίς was called because it was used to wet the metal and defining "κέρωμα" the bathroom as the steam condenses had the consistency of wax. In fact, the "Kerotakis" consisted of a sphere or a cylinder with hemispherical cap on the fire, in which the lower part were heated solution of mercury, arsenic sulfide and sulfur at the top of the cylinder were placed metals to be treated; Sulfur fumes attacking the metal sulfide releasing black (Black Mary), which was thought to be the first stage of transmutation. Continue to heat you could get a league like gold in the composition varied depending on the metal plate or placed on mercury and sulfur compounds used. In addition, the top of the tank in accordance with the principles of Hermes Trismegistus was to be sealed, that would be "hermetically sealed". The Kerotakis was also used for the extraction of vegetable oils such as rose water.

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Glass anti-glare (Katherine Blodgett, Schenectady, New York).

a certain age who has always worn glasses and remember what they were certainly scomede and annoying the old lenses that reflect light. But Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898 - 1979) not are grateful just short-sighted, astigmatic, presbyopic, and so on: the anti-glare lenses (1939), the fruit of his genius, was used for microscopes and projectors, cameras and compasses. The distortions of the reflection children, and problems that are earned, are thus a thing of the past thanks to this lady who has a record no small feat: it is the first woman appointed in the research laboratories of General Electric in Schnectady New York, where he worked as assistant to Irving Langmuir, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. The stimuli did not miss, so much so that later it is also the first woman to earn a place in the PhD in Physics from Cambridge University. When he returned to Schenectady, the student than the teacher, in fact, the inventions of Langmuir, which concern the monomolecular coatings (oil chemical components that cover the surface of the water, metal or glass, forming a film that has exactly the same thickness of a molecule), are of scientific curiosity not have a practical application. Blodgett as he realizes that these films reduce glare on the water surface, may also reduce the glare of reflected light on glass surfaces. After several tests, thanks to a film based on barium, we define the first lens in the world 100% transparent, truly invisible. Receives a patent for the "structure of the film and the method of preparation that gave the world a valuable product. And he has found the most varied applications (take for example the construction of the wings of airplanes resistant to ice).

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Ruth Handler



Barbie 's story begins in 1938 when a young couple, Ruth and Elliot Handler, go to live in Los Angeles. The various professional events involving the lead pair in 1945, the birth of the name "Mattel " where "Matt" Mattson and stands for "el" for Elliot. Hardol Mattson, a friend of Elliot, works with him in the garage of the house, turned into a real laboratory. Here produce products of wood and later furniture for dollhouses. Ruth worked through his ideas, starting the Mattel directed towards increasing production in the world of toys. Would also like to start making dolls. She already had in mind the image of "modern" doll ideal, long legs, slim waist, bust and florid facial detail. But even in the face of such precision, none of his ideas are taken into account. In 1956, Switzerland, Ruth Handler saw in a shop window of a toy doll that matches the one you intended. The doll in question is called Lady and measuring 29.5 cm high, made of plastic, depicts a woman who recalls the famous Brigitte Bardot. Lilli has a history and enjoys a huge success when it is discovered by Ruth. Lilli was born in Germany before c ome a comic book character and was designed by OM Hausser. Was a carefree and mischievous girl, then appears on the German market on August 12, 1955, wearing a specific dress among many of her wardrobe, but these clothes are not sold separately. This encounter between Ruth and Lillian finally start the project and convince Mattel to make it happen. It bought three copies, and once back in America, reworked to give birth to the doll Barbie slowly, that is the exact opposite of the original Lilli, but very similar. Mattel decides to use the vinyl as a material for production and that the door to find a good ally in Japan, where he resided many companies specialized in the processing of this material. In the years 1957 to 1964 the production of Barbie will expand from Hong Kong to Korea. The name was suggested by one of the Handler's daughter, Barbara. On March 9, 1959, (this' the official date of the birth of Barbie) released the first Barbara Millicent Roberts (full name of Barbie). Barbie debuted officially at the Toy Fair in New York. The doll is shaping up already as a commercial phenomenon without precedent: in 1959, sold more than 350 000 Barbie priced at $ 3 each. Such a triumph is due in large part to the brilliant idea of \u200b\u200bRuth Handler, that is marketing a doll with large wardrobe made clothing and accessories sold separately. In 1961 appears Ken, Barbie's boyfriend (Kenneth is the name of the son of Handler). The growth of the family is added, in 1963, Midge, Barbie's friend. 1964 is the year that Barbie arrived in Italy. Barbie in 1964 completely changed the physiognomy of the face and the type of makeup, the eyelashes appear in synthetic fibers applied on painted eyes, the bigger, the hair begins to grow, loose on her shoulders and is held by a ribbon to the top of the head. A new patent allows the articulation of the torso rotation sense, this new doll is called twist 'n turn. In 1968, Barbie began to speak: the new talking Barbie surprised his fan with three different sentences. Ruth and Elliot Handler have thus started the history of Barbie, who came to this day.

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Barbara Askins

Barbara Askins, a teacher and mother waited for her two children started school to complete his studies in 1975 chimica.Nel was employed by NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center to find a best way to develop astronomical and geological pictures taken from space , which were often of poor quality.
His research allowed him to develop a completely new procedure which allowed to detect a lot of information in the images that hitherto were not visible to the eye going far beyond the initial hopes. In 1978 he patented (U.S. patent # 4,101,780 dated 18 July 1978 for a " Method of Obtaining Intensified Image from Developed Photographic Films and Plates .") Method that allowed him to enhance images using radioactive substances. The very positive results led NASA to extend the research in the field of X-rays and the restoration of old photographs.
The patent, yielded the title "National Inventor of the Year" (American inventor of the year) in 1978, title awarded for the first time in a woman.

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Bette Nesmith Graham


Bette Nesmith Graham, was born in Dallas March 23, 1924, inventor of Bianchetto to cover errors. Its original name was Bette Clair McMurray, modified as a result of her marriage to Warren Audrey Nesmith when she was 19 years. However, their marriage did not satisfy his expectations and after the Second World War, both were divorziati.Nel 1946, just 22 years finds himself managing a very difficult situation, a small child care and no job. In 1951 he obtained his first job as an executive secretary in the Texas Bank & Trust. The transition from handwriting to typing with the new IBM machines for she was a real trauma: there 'document was that it was not error-free typing. And so, using his knowledge in the field of painting, the secretary carelessly invented a white liquid, d 'a white man who would as closely as possible to the color of the paper, which covers errors. He called it "out Mistake ',' Via 's mistake." It was a hit, his office colleagues soon realized the effectiveness of the product and from there to brief the news spread throughout the building and Bette began to supply small bottles labeled as Mistake Out increased demands more so that Bette planted in his garage, with the 'help of his son Michael, a real little factory of "Mistake Out," which was later called " Liquid Paper." In 1979, Bette sold the patent to the Gillette Company for $ 47 million.

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Ann Moore


Ann Moore (1940) is a nurse and is credited with American invented the Snugli baby carriers and Weego . Moore's inventive spirit can be traced back to his childhood, when she created with little dolls and simple giocattoli.Presto has learned about the importance of community, to think in innovative ways by drawing on limited resources to create new things. In 1960, following a humanitarian work in Togo, Ann Moore saw the African mothers do something that I find very interesting, bring their children in fabric slings tied securely on his back, watching as the children seemed calmer, because they felt safe and close to their mothers. Back home in the United States, Moore decided to try to bring her daughter in the same way, and asked his mother to help her sew a backpack. Linked with her daughter in the back, Moore was able to ride his bike, all fees, cooking, all while remaining close to her daughter. Everywhere they went, people stopped to express interest in what was then considered a radical idea. Starting from a simple backpack, Moore invented the fanny pack baby carriers Snugli ® was marketed in 1969. Thanks to his invention, mothers and fathers around the world are able to ride bikes, cook and run errands, and transporting their children to their neighbors.

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Patsy Sherman


The Scotchgard, the revolutionary system of waterproofing.
Patsy Sherman was born in 1930 in Minnesota. In 1950, after receiving his bachelor's degree in chemistry and mathematics, went to work for the 3M Corporation. The research team working on a military project seeking to create a new latex for jet engines. Incidentally, a lab technician dropped a sample of one of the chemicals experiments on his tennis shoe. Sherman and others tried to remove the substance, but the 'water, soap and organic solvents, slipped away from the canvas without bagarla ungerla.Sherman and realized that so far no one had ever thought of a fabric that could reject both 'oil the water, it was then that Sherman and his partner Sam Smith had the idea to use a combination of compounds as a coating for fabrics. Sherman and Smith spent more than seven years perfecting the mixture. Scotchguard launched in 1956 and remained the leader in protecting and sealing compounds used on furniture, carpets and fabrics.

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Mary Walton


1879, Mary Walton invented the first anti-pollution system
It must be a woman, the American Mary Walton, the patent of the first anti-pollution device in history: a way to reduce harmful emissions from factories in this period grow very rapidly in big cities. The system expects to bring together the noxious fumes in large water tanks, where dust and other pollutants are detained and then sent to the network fogniaria
1891 Mary Walton made the first noise-pollution device
The American inventor (see 1879), who lives in Manhattan, in the heart of New York, having found the noise level caused by the elevated subway, patented the first device noise history

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Marie Curie

The discovery of radio and polonium and x-ray

From Warsaw, where she was born in 1867, Marie Sklodowska had moved to Paris to attend the faculty of sciences. There he met Pierre Curie, scientist and teacher already known at the Sorbonne and married him in 1895. Preparing the thesis, supported by her husband, she deepened the study of radioactive minerals.
The Curies discovered that a mineral pitchblende, radiation emitted, and the cause attributed to the presence of an even unknown contents in the ore. How to separate? After four years of work, dealing with a ton of ore, they succeeded, by dint of chemical treatments to isolate the new element called radio, the radiation it emits. It was the most sensational discovery of the new century.
not patented extraction method: they wanted everyone to freely produce the radio for the good of humanity. In fact, it was discovered that the new element effectively fighting the most terrible enemy of mankind: the cancer. For this very important research, in 1903 the Curies and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel prize for physics. Three years later, Pierre Curie died hit by a car. Marie to bear the sorrow of love of her daughters, Irene and Eve.
fact, replaced her husband in teaching, continuing his research. At the same time, supervised the education of daughters and had the satisfaction to find Irene in his passion for physics. Even the new research continues alone after the death of her husband, were crowned with success and in 1910 succeeded in isolating the "radio metal". For these new merits, the following year, she was awarded the second Nobel Prize, this time for chemistry. In 1914, the outbreak of World War I suspended the teaching and research laboratory, radiology services to arrange for the army. Marie equipping cars with x-ray equipment, often personally escorted to the front, accompanied by his daughter Irene.
Mother and daughter are doing their utmost to alleviate the suffering caused by war. After the war, the Institute of Radio Paris, scientists from around the world flocked to devote himself to research, under the leadership of Madame Curie. The brave woman scientist was always a simple, modest, alienated from honors. In fact, twice refused the Legion of Honour, accepting only part of the International Committee of the League of Nations, of which he was elected vice president. But his place was the laboratory. One spring evening in 1935, left the lab, recommending that the gardener to care for the roses. And there came back. He died July 4: his death in the sanatorium Sancellemoz was due to the consequences of long and intense absorption of radiation of radioactive bodies. Irene and her husband continued research in that field. Helen, their daughter, he is entrusted with the physics, like the famous grandmother.

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Mary Quant


The Wicked (1964)
Start the Vietnam War, the explosion of the Pop Art, Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and Mary Quant invented the miniskirt. To wear and Twiggy: first supermodel teen-agers (17 years) also portrayed by the newly Polaroid camera.
Born in London in 1934, Mary Quant since '55 opened the boutique in the capital of Anglo-Saxon Bazaar in Kings Road, founding a very young, rebellious and democratic with the Beatle (1965) was a key element of Swinging London. Of '66, however, is the birth of Mary Quant cosmetics brand name with a daisy that anticipates the flower children. For years
Courreges in '64 that had made short dresses and trapeze lines will claim the copyright of the mini. But perhaps the truth lies in a sentence of Mary Quant, "The real creators of the mini are the girls, the same that you see on the street." The fact is that mini will suit Florinda Bolkan, the barefoot singer Sandie Shaw and the model Veruschka, icons of those years.

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Afsaneh Rabies

promises the metal features fiction by Iranian scientists created artificial Afsaneh Rabie, a foam metal

revolutionary ultra-strong and lightweight.

Dr. Rabie, currently collaborating with the University of North Carolina, has developed a new generation of metal foams, which have a resistance under pressure 5 or 6 times higher than those in trade, and energy absorption 7 times more.

This metal could have many applications, such as the automotive industry (creating indestructible car), construction of aircraft and equipment and medical implants, could be used in deadening materials, but also in the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings.

obviously can not overlook the savings that would enable a material with these characteristics, which could be used as a thermal insulator .

Dr. Rabie is associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of North Carolina, but can experience all over the world (Iran, Japan, USA, etc), in the fields of biomedical engineering and bio-materials.

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Grace Murray Hopper


developed the first compiler in 1952
Hopper Before the invention of the programmers had to write lengthy instructions in binary code (machine language) for any new piece of software . The compiler, therefore, was a wonderful way to save time and errors, but Hopper did not stop there.
and invented the COBOL, the first family language used to write programs management, language still in use today.

Grace Murray Hopper (New York, 1906 ) Was a mathematics, computing and military statunitense.Definita by many as a pioneer of computer programming, he graduated in mathematics from Yale in 1934, teaching for two years at Vassar, before joining the Naval Reserve in 1943 . Famous for his work on the first digital computer of the Navy, Harvard Mark I, was assigned to the office for the University Ordenance Computation Project
Harvard.La his career came in 1949 when he entered the prestigious Eckert- Mauchly Computer Corporation, the same company that developed the ENIAC, one of the first digital computers in circulation, which was planning the UNIVAC I, namely that that would be the first computer model commerciale.Continuò his hard work as a designer and researcher at the Institute after being dismissed from the Reserve and in 1966, was immediately recalled to work on the standardization of language for military computers. He was discharged in 1986 with the rank of admiral. It is also famous for having popularized the use of the term "bug " to indicate a malfunction of a computer.

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Flaingen


molecular sieves for the best petroleum refining;
Flaingen Edith (1929) considered one of the most inventive chemists of all time. In his long career (42anni) to Union Carbide, Edith Flaningen dedicta is the emerging technology of molecular sieves, the use of which has, among other applications, filtration and fractionation of crude oils during the refining of petroleum. In particular, his work has allowed the commercial production of Zeolite Y, making the production of more fuel efficient, clean and safe.

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Edith Patricia Billings

invented the Geobond , a revolutionary building material, fire resistant, indestructible and non-toxic.
Patricia Billings, (1926) a sculptor in Texas and graduated from Specialized in producing GESO works in Paris. His passggio from art to technology took place in the late '70s, when one of his sculptures, the result of months of work, it disintegrated in his hands. Patricia decided to invent an additive in the plaster that would prevent the recurrence of such disasters. After eight years of experiments in his basement, he was able to develop a material, Geobond (U.S. Patent 3,600,350), which could be mixed with water until the desired fluid to be injected into or coated on the walls molds to form prefabricated panels. This first material has created a series of derivatives characterized by the high insulating capacity, resistance, nontoxic and flame retardant properties that make it a valid substitute for asbestos. Even after being subjected to flames for hours in excess of 1000 ° C, the Geobond is barely warm, not even the flames of a rocket (3500 ° C) manage to make it burn.